Given the essential status of English as a lingua franca (ELF) in applied linguistics (AL), ELF and Applied Linguistics—Reconsidering Applied Linguistics Research from ELF Perspectives calls for a radical reappraisal of the principles and practices of English language education in the current globalized world. Written by some of the leading figures in the field, this edited volume examines the impact of ELF on applied linguistics to encourage an open and reasoned debate...

The purpose of this study is to explore and compare the goodness-oriented approach and the law-oriented approach and their impact on the flexibility of relationships between spouses and women’, s rights. It examines, compares and evaluates the attitude of Qur’, anic scholars towards verse 228 of Sura Baqarah. The Examination of these two approaches has made it clear that in law-oriented perceptions, the basic position of the principle of goodness has been marginalized or not taken into account at all, and that the explanation of the verse is devoted mostly to inflexible and fixed rights in marital relationships, unlike goodness-oriented approaches in which the word Ma’, roof (goodness) has become applicable, and come into the focus of the Qur’, anic researchers and, as a principle, has dominated the relationships of spouses and made their relationships and women’, s rights flexible. The goodness-oriented approach to the principle of Mu’, asherat be Ma’, roof (treating kindly and well) can be divided into two branches: obligatory and non-obligatory goodness-orientedness. Unlike non-obligatory goodness-orientedness, obligatory goodness-orientedness, has taken this principle as a moral-legal principle, and has given it an executive guarantee in the light of which, besides the fixed religious standards, the relationships of the spouses, based on the norms of religious people, have been given flexibility and have shaped the social rights of women from various aspects,this attitude has been prominent in the works of some contemporary commentators and jurists.

Background: 226 Ra and 228 Ra contents in foodstuffs of Ramsar which is a coastal city in the northern part of Iran were determined by gamma spectrometry. Measurement results together with food consumption rates were used to estimate annual effective dose from 226 Ra and 228 Ra, due to consumption of food stuffs by inhabitants of Ramsar city. Materials and Methods: A total of 33 samples from 11 different foodstuffs including root vegetables (beetroot), leafy vegetables (lettuce, parsley and spinach) and tea, meat, chicken, pea, broad bean, rice, and cheese were purchased from markets of Ramsar city and were analyzed for their 226Ra and 228Ra concentration. 1-8 kg of fresh weight sample was placed in Marinnelli beaker and sealed. The measurement of natural radioactivity levels as performed by gamma-spectrometry system, using a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector with 40% relative efficiency.Results: The highest concentrations of 226Ra and 228 Ra were determined in tea samples with 1570 and 1140 mBq/kg , respectively , and the lowest concentration of 226Ra was in pea, cheese, chicken, broad bean, and beetroot.Conclusion: The maximum estimated annual effective dose from 226 Ra and 228 Ra due to consumption of foodstuffs were determined to be 19.22 and 0.71 mSv from rice and meat samples respectively, where as, the minimum estimated annual effective dose for 226Ra was 0.017, 0.018 and 0.019 mSv from beetroot, cheese and pea samples respectively.